Physics of Paintball :: physics paintball gun

Fuel For A Paintball Marker The Reason that people need a tank when they play paintball is because you need a way to force the paintballs out of the gun and this cannot be achieved effectively by just using a spring. What they decided to do was to fuel the paintballs by pushing them with a gas. The way in which they did this was to put the gases, either Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide or Nitrogen under extreme pressure until they turned into a liquid and once they are in a liquid form they can be blown into a tank which probably looks something like this. Carbon Dioxide must be under a pressure of at least 415.8 kPaA For it to turn into liquid form. Oxygen and Nitrogen are very similar to this. The way in which the gas is let out is that there is a needle in a valve in the top of the tank and when the tank is screwed into the paintball marker the needle gets pressed down and the entire system becomes pressurized and is ready to be fired. Then when the gun is cocked and the trigger is pulled the bolt is pushed forward, accelerated by the force of the C02 acting behind it and pushes the paintball out. Then the bolt comes back into the read position and the C02 is no longer flowing and is again pushing against the bolt. There are some problems with this system however. One of the major ones is called snowing, where liquid C02 actually gets into the paintball marker, this is not good for multiple reasons, first of all having the liquid C02 on the moving parts inside a marker is not good for it, since many of the parts inside are rubber or plastic. The second problem with this is since the gas is in liquid form it is not expanding as fast and there for is not pushing the paintballs as effectively. This causes a white snow like substance to come out of the barrel of the marker. There are several way that this problem is dealt with, some markers have the guns stored in a vertical position to keep the liquid in the bottom of the tanks. Other markers employ gas lines or expansion chambers, these are basically just tubes or cylinders that run from the tank to the marker and give the C02 a chance to turn from a liquid to a gas.

On Monsieur’s Departure Essay

â€Å"On Monsieur’s Departure†, with its highly interpretive nature and use of strong themes and appropriate literary devices, expresses the inner turmoil of its author, Queen Elizabeth, to the reader. The basic concept of this 17th century poem is one of the divided passions of Queen Elizabeth. Elizabeth loved her country with fierce loyalty and control, but also had her own personal needs, and though it is not entirely certain as to whom this poem was referencing to, it is speculated to be about either the 2nd Earl of Essex or the Duc d’Anjou (French duke of Anjou). Essex (Robert Derereaux) was 30 years Elizabeth’s junior and was a charming, opinionated man with whom Elizabeth was completely enamored, but the relationship terminated when Essex and Elizabeth had a terrible fight and Essex directed an unsuccessful revolt against her. The tragedy pierced further when Elizabeth painfully agreed to have him executed. The duke of Anjou, who later became King Henry III, was a prime member of the French royal family, being both the duke of Anjou and Alenà §on. He was an unattractive man, both body and face, but Elizabeth fancied him enough to allow a lengthy courtship by him. This courtship ended when the duke withdrew from the marriage negotiations in 1582, but there is uncertainty as to why. Elizabeth, if gaining nothing more from this arrangement, did secure a defense alliance and French aid against Spain. The country, in Elizabeth’s mind, remained above her own personal longings – she never married and reigned as the proud Virgin Queen. The first stanza of â€Å"On Monsieur’s Departure† contain uses of Petrarchan conceit, paradox, and the theme of disassociation between the queen and her desires. The Petrarchan conceit (common in Elizabethan love poems) is seen for example in line 2, â€Å"I love and yet am forced to seem to hate†. These comparisons of love and hate are extreme, as the conceptions of both love and hate are the most ultimate and divergent emotions in the English language and do demonstrate a distinct parallel. The literary paradox (statement which is contradictory yet sensical) is prominent in this poem, and can be seen in many instances. The main examples of this are Elizabeth’s contradictions shown in line 2 with â€Å"love† and â€Å"hate†, and in line 5, where she states, â€Å"I am and not, I freeze and yet am burned†. In line 5, the  figure of paradox is evident in â€Å"am† and â€Å"not†, as well as â€Å"freeze† and â₠¬Å"burned†. The recurrent disassociative theme is very prominent, suggesting Elizabeth’s frustration between being a ruler, with obligations and expectations, and being a human being, with inner yearnings and the need for expression . This is especially noticeable when Elizabeth states, â€Å"I seem stark mute but inwardly do prate†¦./Since from myself another self I turned† (4 and 6). Elizabeth is saying how she remains silent about her inner turmoil, but is churning inside with thoughts and concerns. Also, Elizabeth is saying how she turned from herself to another. This could be taken as either Elizabeth pushing aside that part of herself to remain a competent and commanding ruler, or as Elizabeth turning to another person (either the Duc d’Anjou or Essex) for personal reasons and her culpability for doing so. This theme continues throughout the poems through use of other literary contrivances and intricate wording. In the second stanza of â€Å"On Monsieur’s Departure†, Elizabeth includes figurative language, alliteration and the subject of an unattainable self to voice her thoughts. The application of figurative language (expression which uses comparison to describe) is present in line 7, where Elizabeth uses a simile (comparison using ‘like’ or ‘as’). It is written, â€Å"My care is like my shadow in the sun†, stating that to Elizabeth, there is a comparison between her care and her shadow when in the sun. This can be interpreted in many ways, but it is because a simile is used that a mental picture develops to compare the two. The use of alliteration (the repetition of like sounds in speech ) is seen in line 8, where the initial ‘f’ consonants are repeated. The line, â€Å"Follows me flying, flies when I pursue it†, with use of alliteration is concise and artful, with a condense accumulation of emotion. The theme of Elizabeth ’s care (of this man) being unattainable for her to grasp is very eminent in this stanza, with two supporting examples. The first comes in lines 7 and 8, where Elizabeth conveys, â€Å"My care is like my shadow in the sun,/Follows me flying, flies when I pursue it†. She is articulating that her own personal feelings are unconstrained to her, without the control she is wishing to enforce. The second instance in line 11, â€Å"No means I find to rid him from my breast,† expresses not that there is a physical person which she feels the need to remove, but instead that  Elizabeth believes that there is no way to eradicate the thoughts and feelings she has for this man from her heart. This continuing theme of separation from oneself and separation from emotional control is echoed throughout the poem, creating a delicate symmetry between each stanza, and allowing them to unite. The third stanza of â€Å"On Monsieur’s Departure† embraces again figurative language, repetition, and a final accumulation of sentiment through deliberative wording. In this stanza, Elizabeth uses a very important metaphor (expression relating one thing to another) to represent herself. She writes, in line 14, that she is â€Å"made of melting snow†, a phrase which captures thoughts and images that may otherwise not have been so evident. Saying that she is â€Å"made of melting snow† tells the reading audience that Elizabeth is weakened by this, or that she is softened but not yet defeated – the interpretations are ceaseless, which makes this an important part of this final stanza and of the whole poem. The repetition Elizabeth uses in this stanza are towards the end, when she writes, â€Å"Let me or float or sin, be high or low./Or let me live with some more sweet content,/Or die and so forget what love ere meant† (16-18). By using this series of choices as her final statement, Elizabeth is implying a sense of urgency and desperation in her search for a solution. Her final statement is left with a final, hopeless alternative – for her to die and forget about love. By reading these alternatives, each worse than the next, the reader is left with a final note of despondency and a climax of emotion which is expressed with phrases like â€Å"be more cruel†(15), â€Å"float or sink†¦ high or low† (16), and â€Å"die and so forget†. These are intense statements that leave the reader silent from their effect. That is the essence of this poem, a pull and tug game of emotions, with no end solution other than to live forward and exist with ever-constant turmoil, to live, to rule, to sacrifice oneself for something greater. Through the use of different literary devices and a powerful backing theme, Queen Elizabeth has left the world with a literary victory. This poem is a saddening one, but as a love poem, it is expressing not only the pain, frustration and despair longing can produce, but also the strength and might  that backs it.

Example Sentences of the English Verb To Keep

This page provides example sentences of the English verb Keep in all tenses including active and passive forms, as well as conditional and modal forms. Base Form keep / Past Simple kept / Past Participle kept / Gerund keeping Present Simple She keeps all her birthday cards every year. Present Simple Passive The key is kept by the doorman. Present Continuous He is currently keeping up the house while his parents are away. Present Continuous Passive The house is being kept up by Jason while his parents are away. Present Perfect Im afraid I havent kept up with the news recently. Present Perfect Passive The information has been kept up to date by Alice. Present Perfect Continuous We have been keeping bees for the last few years. Past Simple She kept a diary while she was on holiday. Past Simple Passive A journal was kept by the teacher on each student. Past Continuous They were keeping watch over the house when it was broken into by thieves. Past Continuous Passive The house was being kept watch over by the Wilsons when it was broken into by thieves. Past Perfect The had kept an expense journal before they moved to New York. Past Perfect Passive An expense journal had been kept before they moved to New York. Past Perfect Continuous We had been keeping up with the Jones before they moved to Los Angeles. Future (Will) She will keep the children while we are away. Future (Will) Passive The children will be kept by Cheryl while we are away. Future (Going to) Cheryl is going to keep the children during the holidays. Future (Going to) Passive The children are going to be kept by Cheryl during the holidays. Future Continuous They will be keeping a record of the meeting tomorrow afternoon. Future Perfect Janice will have been kept up to date so you can ask her. Future Possibility She might keep that present. Real Conditional If she keeps up exercising, she will be in great shape. Unreal Conditional If she kept up exercising, she would be in great shape. Past Unreal Conditional If she had kept up exercising, she would have been in great shape. Present Modal She should keep up with the class. Past Modal Harry might have kept up with the developments. Quiz: Conjugate With Keep Use the verb to keep to conjugate the following sentences. Quiz answers are below. In some cases, more than one answer may be correct. She _____ the children while we are away.She _____ a diary while she was on holiday.The_____ an expense journal before they moved to New York.Janice _____ up to date so you can ask her.If she _____ up exercising, she would have been in great shape.The key _____ by the doorman.We _____ bees for the last few years.A journal _____ by the teacher on each student.Im afraid I _____ up with the news recently.Cheryl _____ the children during the holidays. Thats the plan. Quiz Answers will keepkepthad keptwill have been kepthad keptis kepthave been keepingwas kepthavent keptis going to keep

History of Ethics Violations in Congress

Back-to-back charges against two veteran members of Congress in the summer of 2010 cast an unflattering light on the Washington establishment and its historic inability to mete out justice among members who stray beyond ethical boundaries they helped to draw. In July of 2010, the House Committee on Standards of Official Conduct charged U.S. Representative. Charles B. Rangel, a Democrat from New York, with 13 violations, including failing to pay taxes on rental income he received from his villa in the Dominican Republic. Also in that year, the Office of Congressional Ethics charged U.S. Rep. Maxine Waters, a Democrat from California, with allegedly using her office to provide assistance to a bank in which her husband owned stock to ask for federal government bailout money. The potential for highly publicized trials in both cases raised the question: How often has Congress expelled one its own? The answer is–not very. Types of Punishment There are several major types of punishment members of Congress can face: Expulsion   The most serious of penalties is provided for in Article I, Section 5 of the U.S. Constitution, which states that each House [of Congress] may determine the Rules of its proceedings, punish its members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a member. Such moves are considered matters of self-protection of the integrity of the institution. Censure A less severe form of discipline, censure does not remove representatives or senators from office. Instead, it is a formal statement of disapproval that can have a powerful psychological effect on a member and his relationships. The House, for example, requires members being censured to stand at the well of the chamber to receive a verbal rebuke and reading of the censure resolution by the Speaker of the House. Reprimand   Used by the House, a reprimand is considered a lesser level of disapproval of the conduct of a member than that of a censure, and is thus a less severe rebuke by the institution. A resolution of reprimand, unlike a censure, is adopted by a vote of the House with the member standing in his place, according to House rules. Suspension Suspensions involve a prohibition on a member of the House from voting on or working on legislative or representational matters for a particular time. But according to congressional records, the House has in recent years questioned its authority to disqualify or mandatorily suspend a member. History of House Expulsions Only five members have been expelled in the history of the House, the most recent being U.S. Representative James A. Traficant Jr. of Ohio, in July of 2002. The House expelled Traficant after he was convicted of receiving favors, gifts, and money in return for performing official acts on behalf of the donors, as well as getting salary kickbacks from staff. The only other House member to be expelled in modern history is U.S. Rep. Michael J. Myers of Pennsylvania. Myers was expelled in October of 1980 following a bribery conviction for accepting money in return for his  promise to use influence in immigration matters in the so-called ABSCAM sting operation run by the FBI. The remaining three members were expelled for disloyalty to the union by taking up arms for the Confederacy against the United States in the Civil War. History of Senate Expulsions Since 1789, the Senate has expelled only 15 of its members, 14 of which had been charged with support of the Confederacy during the Civil War. The only other U.S. senator to be kicked out of the chamber was William Blount of Tennessee in 1797 for anti-Spanish conspiracy and treason. In several other cases, the Senate considered expulsion proceedings but either found the member not guilty or failed to act before the member left office. In those cases, corruption was the primary cause of complaint, according to Senate records. For example, U.S. Sen. Robert W. Packwood of Oregon was charged with the Senate ethics committee with Sexual misconduct and abuse of power in 1995. The Committee on Ethics recommended that Packwood be expelled for abuse of his power as a senator by repeatedly committing sexual misconduct and by engaging in a deliberate ... plan to enhance his personal financial position by seeking favors from persons who had a particular interest in legislation or issues that he could influence. Packwood resigned, however, before the Senate could expel him. In 1982, U.S. Sen. Harrison A. Williams Jr. of New Jersey was charged by the Senate ethics committee with ethically repugnant conduct in the ABSCAM scandal, for which he was convicted of conspiracy, bribery, and conflict of interest. He, too, resigned before the Senate could act on his punishment.

Procrastination My Strengths And Weaknesses - 1216 Words

After thinking about my strengths and weaknesses, my change in behavior that I would like to change is procrastination. Procrastination has continued to cause me problems throughout my life, especially when it comes to school. I did not always have this habit. I would always start early so that I would not have to worry about it later, but it seems over the years that mentality changed. I cannot remember how I became this way, but I do know that I need to stop this habit before it gets out of hand. The main reason why I want to change is because I want to live a long, successful and pleasant life. I need to fix my bad habit, because procrastinators always regret not doing what they did then later in life and I want to make sure that I never feel this way. There are many things that I want in my life, but 30 years from now I want to feel accomplished and satisfied that I did everything that I wanted to do up until then. I want to move to Miami or Arizona, where I can pursue personal training and eventually open my own gym. I plan on investing in housing, because it never hurts to have extra sources of income. I see myself with about three kids, two boys and one girl. I want both of my sons to play baseball and my daughter will either be a doctor or a lawyer, hopefully. After being financially stable then I want to travel to Tokyo and Puerto Rico and then continue the rest of my life playing golf on the weekends with my other rich friends. I also want to help my mother out asShow MoreRelatedPersonal Strengths and Weaknesses1028 Words   |  5 PagesAn individuals personal strengths and weaknesses are life learning experiences and we all as human beings have different levels strengths and weaknesses. Sometimes a persons strengths and w eaknesses may seem very difficult to discuss at times. 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Caribbean Studies Essay free essay sample

Describe the factors that have led Caribbean migrants living in the metropolitan countries to create a home away from home: According to a definition taken from Wikipedia a metropolitan area is a region consisting of a densely populated urban core and its less-populated surrounding territories, sharing industry, infrastructure, and housing. A migrant can be defined as one that moves from one region to another by chance, instinct, or plan. The Culture of migration that characterizes Caribbean societies sees migration as a means to a better life, increased financial and educational opportunities especially for their children. For this reason many migrants choose to create a new home in these metropolitan countries. The greater variety of opportunities provided by these metropolitan countries is a main factor that has led to migrants living in the metropolitan countries to create a home away from home. These countries have more educational opportunities from High schools to top Universities. We will write a custom essay sample on Caribbean Studies Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page However, why is it that migrants don’t just get an education and return? It is because when they become qualified their native country sometimes does not have the job opportunities to fully utilize their skills. The salaries afforded by the native countries are also not commensurate with that paid by the metropolitan societies. They also have more Job opportunities in a wide range of fields while the Caribbean has a limited amount of job and educational opportunities. In cases where loans were taken to finance studies, it is more economical to study abroad and pay back loans, whether the loans be abroad or at home. Another factor is politics. Depending on the political climate, Caribbean migrants may decide to stay away if they feel uncomfortable about the leader that has been elected in their home country and think that the change in government will bring an economic downturn. As a result of new government, fewer jobs may be generated and migrants may decide to live away where they have a better chance of getting a job. In the Caribbean change of government also tends to bring with it loss of jobs for some non- supporters. It may be more feasible for relatives to work abroad and send remittances home to help family. Also, the political systems in metropolitan countries are more impersonal compared the Caribbean system of Government. Due to the fact that our islands are so small, citizens can fall prey to spite if the Leader of the country wishes. It may be more favorable for some migrants to be in a more impersonal political setting. Environmental conditions may also be a contributing factor. Because of the regular occurrences of natural disasters in our region, migrants may feel more comfortable living away where they don’t have to constantly worry about natural disasters destroying their possessions. The conditions after a natural disaster such as drought, loss of power and the reduction of and scarcity of other basic needs may lead migrants to live away to avoid these harsh conditions. To summarize, Caribbean migrants living in metropolitan countries may create a home in away from their native home due to three factors. They may be attracted to the wide range of opportunities of the metropolitan countries which doesn’t limit their potential, discouraged to return because of the political climate or the environmental conditions.

Role of Future Insurance Industry in Pakistan Essay Example

Role of Future Insurance Industry in Pakistan Essay The insurance business in Pakistan and I would prefer to do describe it as a business rather than an industry is an interesting application of this paradox. Over the years, the fatalism enjoined by Islam has been underwritten by a more pragmatic mechanism, which has offered various degrees of financial protection on the assumption that whereas it may be advisable to submit unquestionably to the will of God, one should not necessarily be out of pocket as a result. Fatalism tempered by pragmatism, therefore, can be regarded as recurring attributes of the insurance business in Pakistan, even from the very first green days of our Independence. When Pakistan was established in 1947, there were 77 insurance companies in all. Today there are 52. In 1947, 70 of those 77 companies were foreign companies and/or their branches. Today there are 10. The seven local companies have 47 years later become 42, and might have been more had 32 of them not been nationalised on March 18, 1972, when their life insurance business was brought into the public sector, and consolidated under the aegis of the State Life Insurance Corporation of Pakistan. Today, Pakistan has 52 companies conducting general business. They offer primarily Fire, Marine, Motor and Accident cover. The composition of general insurance business is Understandable, considering the lack of sophistication of our domestic environment. We will write a custom essay sample on Role of Future Insurance Industry in Pakistan specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Role of Future Insurance Industry in Pakistan specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Role of Future Insurance Industry in Pakistan specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In 1993, Fire (including-Profits) accounted for 32. 2 per cent of the Gross Direct Premiums, Motor for 33. 1 per cent, Marine (including Hull) Premiums for 23 per cent and Accident (including Engineering) for 11. 7 per cent. The concentration of business amongst the insurers themselves presents a curiously disjointed picture. The 10 foreign companies have only a 10. 5 per cent share of the Gross Direct Premiums, and of the 41 Pakistani companies operating in the market, 35 of them share 18 per cent of the business, while only 6 companies command and control 71. per cent of the general business. What these companies share in common, though, is an obligation (an onerous one according to some) to reinsure a mandatory 20 per cant (it used to be 30%) of their insurance business with Pakistan Insurance Corporation (PIC), which was established in 1952 to provide reinsurance facilities within Pakistan and overseas, and to develop the insurance by offering technical and expert advice. PIC has grown substantially since 953, with its Gross Premium Income in the last five years being above the 1 billion mark. Its overall profitability has wavered, falling from an all time high of Rs. 119 million in 1991 to below Rs. 50 million in 1991. Apart from this obligation to reinsure with PIC, the general insurance companies are left largely to themselves and expected to be self-regulatory. Their Fire, Motor, Workmens Compensation and Marine classes of business are governed by a Tariff which is determined by themselves through their Insurance Association. Their maximum statutorily approved agency commission rates of 15 per cent for Marine business and 20 per cent for Non-Marine business have become more gentlemanly statements of intent than rigorously enforced standards. In their business, insurance companies are monitored by the Controller of Insurance, an administrative arm not of the Ministry of Industries but of the Ministry of Commerce. They are regulated by Insurance Rules of 1958, approved in the same year as the distant Martial Law coup of Ayub Khan. And they are governed by a law the Insurance Act of 1938, promulgated a year before the outbreak of the Second World War. To fatalism and pragmatism, one should perhaps therefore add the world Archaism, for no sector of Pakistans financial services market stands so deeply mired in its past, nor has as much need for deregulation and modernisation, if it is to prepare itself for the future. than the insurance business sector in Pakistan. There is no equivalent to the Companies Ordinance 1984 in the insurance sector. There is no appropriate counterpart to the Corporate Law Authority, to give an impetus to its development or to safeguard the interest of the public. The recent spectacular growth in the financial services sector, in my opinion, was no accident. It was the direct fertile result of an environment made receptive by regulated incentives and governmental initiative. Can the insurance business of Pakistan achieve the same sort of success? I cannot see why not. What than should be the direction of the insurance sector? What should be its role? An attempt was made seven years ago to answer these questions when, in 1987, a Government Commission was constituted to diagnose the malaise in the insurance sector. The report, submitted to the Government three years later, identified some of its more reprehensible practices for example, the methods used by insurance companies to obtain business particularly through banks, irregularities in settlement of claims, the indisciplined and unethical ractices of insurance surveyors, methods of rebating, commissions to agents, and discounts Whatever good that three volume report contained was interred with its bones; the evils it hoped to exercise continued to live long after it. More recently, last year in August 1993, another review took place when, in an Overview of the Insurance Industry by one of the leading brokerage houses, Khadim Ali Shah Bukhari Limited, the major problems were identified as: * Excessive Government controls * Compulsory reinsurance with PI C * High capital gains tax on investment gains Higher rate of tax on dividend income than 10% * Inaccessibility to public sector business, which is the domain of the National Insurance Corporation * Poor quality of manpower and limited training facilities It would be hard to question the justification for these complaints. It would be even harder to justify why the insurance companies have done so little to assuage them. If the future role of the insurance business sector is to grow and match the expanding requirements of Pakistans economy, there are key areas in which the insurance companies must themselves take the initiative. The first must be education. No one should be allowed to forget that insurance being a customer service oriented business, its success depends heavily on the quality and calibre of its personnel. In the United Kingdom, it was once considered enough for a new entrant into the business to have five GCEO levels and then spend his life within the same organisation learning the job on the job. Today, anyone wanting to make a career in Insurance should expect to be ready to tackle very focused courses, like those conducted by the College of Insurance in London. Apart from such foundation topics as Personnel Development Skills, Surveying and Risk Management, Reinsurance, Aviation and Marine, the students at the College are also offered such specialised subjects as European Law, the Use of Annual reports and Accounts for Errors and Omission Avoidance, Insolvency Rules and Regulations, and Financial Reinsurance and Derivatives. Insurance may have been a business by men; it is rapidly becoming one managed by women. An interesting aftermath of the second income phenomenon has been that in the United Kingdom, out of a total employment in the insurance usiness of almost 400,000 employed, 49. 3 per cent have been women. Another significant feature has been that 8 per cent are the total strength is self-employed. This emphasis on education, though needs to go beyond the potential or existing employees in insurance companies. Another audience whose knowledge of the insurance business should never be presumed but whose ignorance can have damaging cons equences is that of the lawmakers themselves. It took Great Britain over a century to recognise the significance of this advantage. Only as recently as 1991 was an All Party Parliamentary Group on Insurance and Financial Services formed to act as a bridge between the lawmaking MPs and a law-abiding industry. Without a better understanding of the business of insurance, should one honestly expect legislators to be able or equipped to promulgate sound and appropriate laws? And what about the laws themselves? Can there be legislation of any adequacy without an accepted definition of such simple but crucial words in a policy as theft, or flood, accidental bodily injury or reasonable steps to safeguard any property insured? Are we ourselves clear on what we all understand by Warranties, Responsibilities for Disclosure, Misrepresentations, and the Brokers responsibilities to his or her clients? Such legislative clarity is difficult to achieve but necessary to attain, for without such a suitable legal framework, and a regulatory environment which is both sensitive to and responsive to changes, the future growth of the insurance business in Pakistan will continue as before a blind perpetuation of arcane laws and the mindless repetition of previous practices. Can Pakistan afford such an addition to history? Can our insurance Industry avoid the responsibility for developing new products more attuned to the specific needs of our economy? The future of the insurance sector must connect with the permanent features of our economy. If we are still fundamentally an agrarian society, we have to expand crop, livestock and other such agrarian insurance schemes. The 1988 National Commission on Agriculture, incidentally, makes no mention of insurance anywhere in its 644 page report. If we are gradually expanding into an urban economy, we have to consider widening schemes which provide household and personal effects insurance. If we want to build our own motor cars to speed on our own multi-lane highways, we have to fashion policies which provide cover not simply for the vehicles, its passengers, third party liability, but also anticipate the responsibilities incumbent on highway authorities regarding the condition of the roads. If we want to maximise the safer and more efficient use of our railway system, we must encourage the Pakistan Railways to obtain cover for risks which are germane to their operations. Similarly, insurance cover of transport by road should not be left to the goodwill of the transporters, many of whom regard self-insurance, like rash driving, as the best form of protection. If we are veering towards industrialisation, products coverage should have to go beyond fire insurance of the factory and stocks Loss of profits insurance, safety standards, more open disclosure of actual replacement values, a fairer participation of the premium/risk are some of the more brittle realities businessmen will have to learn to accommodate. And if we are to have a population which is refusing to stop at 120 million, and is taking longer to grow older, clinical risk management will become continuing rather than occasional features of our economic society. Health insurance will become more than simply reimbursing medical bills. It could and must in time cover risks in obstetrics and gynaecology, health care management, managing financial risks like contract clauses and indemnities, drugs cases and claims associated with environmental hazards. And if we are a nation that attaches a value to the life and well-being of our citizens, a nation which advocates the work ethic, and a nation which encourages life insurance as a means of channelling savings into productive investment, the future role of the insurance sector both of Life and General will be a translation of these responsibilities and opportunities into productive action. The largest mobiliser of funds in the insurance market has been unquestionably the State Life Insurance Corporation of Pakistan. Since 1972, following the traumatic nationalisation of life business, SLIC has grown tremendously. Its premium income has increased from Rs. 316 million in 1973 the first year of its consolidation to Rs. 5 billion in 1994, equalling the total Gross Direct Premium of all the 52 companies in the general sector. SLICs investment portfolio grew from Rs. 1. 4 billion to Rs. 21 billion, and not surprisingly SLICs investment income has now become almost one-third of its total income. Its yield on Life Funds is about 14. 4 per cent which may explain why the new companies which have been granted permission to do life business are displaying an understandable hesitancy. Nothing is secret in the public sector, and certainly the use of SLICs funds over the years to finance Government has been no secret. SLICs portfolio consists primarily of Government securities. That in itself is not a problem. What one needs to identify is the impact on the Governments reliance upon SLIC as a resource, should SLIC be privatised to the point where its policies could be brought more in line with market imperatives and competitive investment options. It is already six years since the Insurance Reforms Commission was established. During this period, because of Deregulation and Privatisation, the whole financial services market has undergone an irreversible change. Further privatisation will bring about additional responsibilities, which means more costs, as insurance of commercial risks becomes no longer a matter of choice but an inescapable requirement. Businessmen of tomorrow will have to accept that insurance policies are not a chance talisman against calamities. Used prudently, they can be a resilient and reliable safety net, providing them and the economy with a level of confidence to take risks which are quantifiable and knowingly and prudently underwritten. In another six years Pakistan will be in the 21st century. No one would expect that all of the aspects of the insurance business whether legislative, regulatory or commercial will be in place by then. A reasonable expectation would be that significant steps would be taken to move in those directions. Talleyrand once said that war is much too serious a business to be left to military men. Similarly, perhaps, the future role of Insurance in Pakistan is too serious to be left only to insurance men. Its future lies in the hands of better informed legislators, more responsible insurance professionals, and perhaps most importantly of all, more discerning and demanding customers themselves. Collectively they can, and I am sure, will fashion the future role of the insurance sector in Pakistan.